Music "Nightfall" by Locke Cole.

Cover to Page 13 Page 14 to 24 Page 15 to 39

PAGE 40

Soldiers of Zanzibar Land (Guards)

Weapons and Equipment

Up until 1998, an English assault rifle called Enfield L85A1 was registered as standard rifle, but from 1999 it was replaced by Steyr AUG which was once standard in Austrian army.

They hang M68 shrapnel grenades from their waists. In Zanzibar Land fortress where most places are close quarters, they are almost never used but they are loved as a kind of "talisman" by soldiers. Protection goggles shutters sandstorms and ultra-violet rays in desert, and in night time they are designed to work as nocturnal scopes.

By switching them to telescope mode, they magnifying rate of x60 is possible.

Uniform

Camouflage is brownish woodland pattern. It suits well with jungle, desert, highland and quagmire in Zanzibar Land.

Red beret, which signifies them most in their outlook, has a national signature "ZL" attached to it. It is worn in normal duties (guarding), but in real operations a camouflaged helmet and a bulletproof vest is permitted to be worn.

PAGE 41

Equipment of Zanzibar Land Soldiers

Of the soldiers of Zanzibar Land which even reach number of 40,000, 60% of them are these "Zanzibar Land Guards". Working in shifts, they guard every part of Zanzibar Land. Their first topmost concern is staying alert, so they are noted to be quite unexpectedly light-armed than other troops.

*Protection Goggles

All-purpose goggles which can also be used as an infrared night viewer. As an unique feature, an electric processor is attached on lens sides, all the time observing the movement of the eyeballs and eyelids of a soldier, and when an eyelid stays closed for more than 0.4 second, a subtle electrical shock is applied to the side of the head - a "nap prevention system" is installed in them.

*Helmet

In normal times berets are worn, but helmets are equipped depending on necessity.

This helmet is made of aramid plastic new fiber, and for each same unit of weight, it is 2 times sturdy as nylon and 8 times as iron.

*Gas Mask (M18-A 2)

This gas mask comes with a voice emitter so you can talk easily, endurance of a filter (cartridge type) is as long as 70 days, and you can drink water while wearing this mask.

Mainly mandatory for those on duty in gassy areas like research section.

*Equipment Harness

*M68 Shrapnel Grenades

*Pouch

*Combat Boots

*Combat Knife

*Ammo Case

*Water Bottle

*Wireless Transceiver

*Pocket-sized Buzzer

*Steyr AUG

An assault rifle which was developed by Steyr Co. of Austria. To hasten the magazine replacement during the battle, two magazines are attached with tapes.

PAGE 42

Mercenaries in Zanzibar Land

What hold the 40,000 forces of Zanzibar Land are, the war professionals (DOGS OF WAR) gathered from every nations in the world, the hired soldiers (mercenaries).

NIGHT SIGHT

A survivor of a legendary guerrilla squad "Whispers", which is said to be more advanced than Green Berets about jungle warfare in North Vietnam. He attacks with a Wei Shen Sho Ciang, a gun with few noise. He has latest camouflage system so he is invisible. Moreover he is radar-stealth so even a radar cannot reflect him.

BLACK COLOR

Hi-tech ninjas who had heightened their flesh to the limit with drugs and encased themselves within flex armors. They are from "Out-of-Earth Environment Special Force", a NASA top-secret project team. For a controversy rose regarding it as a too dangerous existence, the troop was dismissed before its actual debut. Some members fled armed, and sought asylum in Zanzibar Land.

RUNNING MAN

Former short-range runner which was famed during Barcelona Olympic. Doping ended his life as an athlete, and he became a mercenary. Later, he joined European terrorism. Fully acquainted in detonation technique, he sets booby traps depending on his fast legs. In France, he once served as a sub-leader of an extreme terrorists group LES ENFANTS TERRIBLES (terrible children). Within SEK (German domestic anti-terrorism special force), he is feared as a "running man".

RED BLASTER

An elite assassination-only man who achieved special operations degree in Rumumba University of USSR. He had career in SPETSNAZ (special commandos in Russian army), he favors detonating operations using explosives, and also is a master at throwing grenades.

PREDATOR

From former RECS (reconnaissance) commando squad. Professional in ambush and favors guerrilla tactics, he is called as "an assassin without form".

ULTRA BOX

An assassination squad for close-quarter only. A gang of elite from SAS, GSG 9(Grunz Shutz Gruppe) and UDT (Underwater Detonation Team). They use velocity of elevators wisely.

PAGE 43

Zanzibar Land Military Contents

Zanzibar Land Tactical Army

Heavy Tank Legion 2 Goliath, Challenger, Melkapa-4, Abrams and others 31

Machined Infantry Legion 3 Mass-produce Metal Gear G 45

Light Tank Legion 2 Piranha, Aggress, Type-90 and others 30

Special Task Force 3 Nuclear-mounted Metal Gear D and G 10

Zanzibar Land Strategic Air Force

Assault Helicopters Hind D, Hind E and others 15

Fighters SU-29 Franker, Mig-A Fulcrum and others 25

Scouts Phantom RF-4C and others 5

Cargo/multi-purpose Hercules C130, Gigant and others 29

Special Task Force Contents

PAGE 44

Facilities of Zanzibar Building

Zanzibar Building is a main stronghold of Zanzibar Land fortress, and is 24 hours active with complete support of various facilities.

4F Living Floor

For this is a living domain of soldiers, many cautions are taken to ease the weariness caused by their duties.

Dinner Hall

With full set of tables and stools, and 3 sets of 40 inch size TV hanging down from wall to enjoy a brief moment of meal.

About the menu, aim service carefully computes calorie balance. Of the taste, it will be adjusted for each soldiers depending their homeland, so it can fill in the gap of races, food culture and religions. And this is only domain where soldiers can smoke.

Lavatory

Both gentlemen's and ladies' are supplied. Interior of the gentlemen's is conformed in sound blue, and in contrast, ladies' is unity of pale pink. Both is equipped with non-dust toilet from GA-INAX Co., and automatically cleanse you and dry you through a hale of warm air. Therefore, soldiers have no need to remove their weapon even in lavatories.

Sauna

To ease the fatigue of soldiers, a sauna is situated. This is only place where you are allowed to remove your combat gears.

Freezer

A food storage to supply dinner hall.

Cooling is possible down to minus 100 centigrade.

Bedrooms

Nap rooms with cares paid on sleeping soldiers.

There are 16 beds.

For human emotion comfort, floor is wooden.

Locker Room

Where you should change your clothes before going to sauna or bed.

One as a temporary trash to keep garbage, and 7 for soldiers to keep belongings.

They have locks.

PAGE 45

3F Research and Development Floor

Every weapons, equipment and alert system are under development in this floor. The wide range of field runs from gear for soldiers to bio-chemical weapons, and 20 first-class science staffs are at constantly at work.

Laboratories Biological and chemical experiments are conducted. To prevent leaks of harmful living microstructure P4 level containment facility is supplied.

Various Research Rooms Each rooms are fully equipped with development facilities and tools, and on top-secret level rooms there are strict alert systems available.

NOTE) The guard soldiers in charge of this floor are ordered to wear gas masks.

2F Deck

This floor is not separated from first floor (actually a M2F), and is mainly used as a route to watch over first floor.

1F Garages

Central processing floor of Zanzibar Building. The facilities which work for fortress purposes are concentrated here.
Central Command Room A control room which monitors every information in Zanzibar Land, process and provide orders.

In a huge center screen, a whole view (a map) of Zanzibar Land is displayed.

Factory Goliath, Hind D and other large war machines are constructed and maintained here. Refilling of fuels and removal/installation of gears are done here, too.

B1 Arsenal Floor

Weapons to be equipped are kept.

B2 Water Tunnel Floor

Power, and also a water supply source.

Chemical reaction causes the water current to circulate for 30km per hour, thus supplies electricity to Zanzibar Land. Also water is purified and used for consuming purpose.

Disposal Processing Room To process all the garbage as excess from whole Zanzibar Building, a garbage compactor is set. This has built-in pressure sensor and process automatically, burns and feeds back the burning heat energy to fortress itself.

OTHER

Dust Chutes Ducts situated on 4F, 3F and 1F to transfer garbage. They connect to the garbage compactor on B2.

PAGE 46

Alert System of Zanzibar Land

Visual System

Video Cameras

The video cameras set on each areas are, through computer manipulation, randomly perform watching movement with no hidden angle.

Visions are sent to the central command room and under surveillance of men and computers. Manual operation is also possible.

Sensor Systems

Infra-red Sensors

By use of infrared rays, they send the absence/presence of intruders to central commander computer.

There are two kinds of infra-red sensors; one changes the patterns of ray at random as regulated by computers, but other is not, staying fixed.

Mostly set on most important top-secret areas.

Pulse Sensors

Using sonar method, they emit super-sonic waves which detect intruders. Pulse range is 3 meters radius.

Pressure Sensors If a certain amount of pressure is applied for a certain period on one of these sensors set on floor, it reacts.

They are used for trap pits and garbage compactors.

NOTE) Pits have an active safety system so they do not act against Zanzibarian soldiers.

Noise Sensor Systems

In Zanzibar Land, noise sensors not only man-made but those of natural origins are placed.

Nariko Sand Imported from Okinawa, Japan. If you walk over them, they "squeak". They are planted around the middle part of the desert.

"Bush Warbler" Floor A floor inspired by ancient Japanese architectures. If you walk over them, they produce "bird cries".

Footstep Reverberating Material A double-structure plate which enhance footstep noises. Embedded in decks and various vital parts of the fortress.

(A) Fence

(B) Zanzibar Building (4 floors)

(C) Quagmire

(D) Maze Wood

(E) Arsenal

(F) Confinement Cell

(G) Nariko-Desert

(H) Helicopter Landing

(I) Bridge of Sorrow (Crevass)

(J) Tower Building (40 floors)

(K) Highland

(L) Detention Camp

(M) Bio-Research Center

PAGE 47

MECHANICS OF METAL GEAR

Goliath

Zanzibar Land Main Battle Tank

A main force tank which holds heavy tank legions in the Zanzibar Land tactical force army; 50 are ready at any time.

An MBT developed for the U.S. Army through collaboration of Chrysler, General Water, and Omni Corporation in the early '90s.

Form architecture planning took the best concepts from Abrams, T-72, T80, Leopard2, Type 99 of Japan Defense Force and others. Goliath is, as its name implies, a "huge" heavily-armed tank, but is equipped with a 2000hp engine and maintains high maneuverability even at its top speed of 75km/h.

Main gun can fire 30 rounds per minute through an "Auto-reload and Supply System". It can utilize thermal images, so you can adjust the bend of the barrel to correct artillery.

Sadly, a Goliath as a boss enemy was cut just prior to completion of the game. However, it still remains as one of the background images in Zanzibar Building's 1st floor.

But, even by today's standards, with digital computers, passive nocturnal sight options and other high-tech implementations, it's the tank of the future.

Crew: 4

Overall Length: 8.050 m

Overall Height: 2.980 m

Overall Width: 3.960 m

135mm smooth bore tank gun as main armament

2000hp gas-turbine engine - SAT2000 Gas Turbine (a product of Omni Co.)

Max. Speed: 75 km/h

Fully-loaded Weight: 54.5 tons

Armor: Ceramic hybrid armor, layers of anti-shell nets and a Chobham plate

Stores 100 135mm gunshells

Equipped with an artillery control mechanism, YG radar distance-locater, thermal & air-pressure and wind direction sensors, and a high-digital computer.

With a muzzle brake which neutralizes backfire from gunshots.

PAGE 48

MECHANICS OF METAL GEAR

HIND-D

Mir Mi-24 HIND-D ZL

Zanzibarian main attack-only gunship (gunner). Russian armed assault helicopter.

Along with similar Mir Mi families like "Hip", "Haze" and "Hound", most strongest gunships are HIND series, including this Mir Mi-24.

Also used in OUTER HEAVEN in last Metal Gear 1, this is a roc.

HIND D is a most important helicopter in Warsaw Treaty armies, and in contrast, is most feared by Western land forces.

Speaking of the origin, HIND-D is an upgraded HIND-A with reinforced arms and four-barrels electric Gatling gun equipped on its nose, to have it both applicable for anti-surface and air-to-air attacks. This HIND-D ZL is modified from Russian original in Zanzibar Land, trying to achieve increase of ability and firepower.

Upon modification, opinions of seasoned veterans were applied, and adjustments were made by many weapon strategists and scientists.

For example, even the "manipulated attack against the rotor from surface" which was was most fatal to the gunships was taken care of, and it cannot be shot down with small firearms.

About the equipment, 57 mm rocket pod, At-2 Swatter anti-tank missiles are needless to say, and even "AT-6 Spiral" anti-tank missiles, "Stinger" anti-air missiles or "Sagar" anti-tank missiles are able to be equipped. (Stinger which player can use during the game was initially there to be equipped with this HIND). 132 rounds of rocket are supplied all the time, and can be switched between anti-air and anti-surface depending on the occasions.

Crew: 8

Output: 2200 horsepower, two TV3-118 turbo-shaft engine with upgraded inter-axial

Maximum Speed: 340 km/h at altitude of 1200 meters (no external equipment) 290 km/h with external equipment

Practical Levitation Limit: 4500 m

Strategic Action Radius: 24 km

Whole Cargo Load: 1200 kg

Main Rotor Diameter: 17.00 m

Overall Length: 17.00 m

Overall Height: 4.25 m

Main Rotor Rotation Path Coverage: 227.0 square meters

Periscope sensor is attached to its mast sight, making "periscope attack" hidden under dense forest possible.

For amphibian operations, boat-shaped hulls on both side of the cockpit and float to hold the tail are able to be equipped.

Exterior is of titanium armor.

PAGE 49

Tactical Role of Metal Gear

Firstly, a Metal Gear is a nuclear-mountable walking tank, in another word a walking tank which can fire nuclear, and the main purpose of the series is to launch various missiles with nuclear warheads to all around the world from any locations, depending on various situations.

Appearance of this system, to the West which relied on SNW "trinity" like ICBM, SLBM, BS, B-B, and to the East which relied on ICBMs, posed as a real "threat".

Until then, launching ICBM (Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile), which is known as a tactical method with range over 5500 kilometers, was possible only from various nuclear sites. This fact left some warfare questions unsolved. Needless to say, vigilance from both East and West are 24 hours over these sites, and at the same time target of enemy attacks. Even a slight move will be detected, and provide a chance for counterattack.

This is a effect that might be referred as "security power" which is natural to nuclear, anyway...

On the other hand, SLBM (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile) can be, as its name indicates, fired from any sea area as long as it is underwater, but cannot be launched from the land. Even less from mountains and desert area, a ridiculous dream.

And about dropping from long-range bombers, the success rate to reach the drop point is low, and unlike submarines which can act completely independently, there are problems like refueling and several others.

Metal Gear series have solved all these matters, and furthermore, not only that they can fire middle-range nuclear like LINF with ranges shorter than 5500 kilometers and SINF (550 to 1000), but even short-range nuclear with range below 500 kilometers.

By simply changing every kind of nuclear modules, they can fire any missiles.

And they are mobile by their own, and adding to that, they can fire from where tanks even tanks cannot enter.

They can fire from all the area, all the points which were not included in world nuclear warfare map.

At the same time not only as a role of mobile nuclear launcher, they are equipped with weapons (Vulcan guns, machine guns and missiles) which support their own launching of nuclear, so can act independently in regional battlefields.

This is why East, West, and all the world fear existence of these war machines.

The appearance of Metal Gear is a dangerous occasion, which might collapse world military balance and nuclear security balance.

PAGE 50

How to Carry Metal Gear

Usually, long-range transportation of Metal Gears (excluding Metal Gear G) is done through air by "Gigant", a Sikorsky-type cargo helicopter.

Not exaggeration , a Metal Gear D, unlike skytrooper's tanks, has the size of 6 meters (even compacted) and 60 tons of weight, so it cannot not be loaded in existing large cargo planes like C130, and a large cargo helicopter customized to carry Metal Gear is necessary.

To carry a Metal Gear on air, it should endure at least 60 tons of weight.

For this purpose, Gigant, with 5 turbo-shaft engines was developed.

While carrying, a form which a Metal Gear is being hung by wires to a helicopter is taken. On any type of Metal Gears, hooks for air transportation are attached.

Metal Gear is most vulnerable under this status, so during such trips a few guard gunships should always escort. The transportation plan is thought as the first key point for every strategists.

Transportation is done in nighttime up to 20 to 30 kilometer far from the destination, and a Metal Gear travels by its own then (maximum speed: 45 km/h).

A Gigant carrying a Metal Gear D.

It was constructed using licensed HIND-D production technology.

PAGE 51

METAL GEAR D

PAGE 52

METAL GEAR D

View from front, side and rear

SPECIFICATIONS

Overall Height: 8.5 m (including sensors and a nuclear module)

Overall Length: 7.9 m

Overall Width: 5.76 m

Crew: 1

Standard Weight: 61.05 t (standard equipped)

Maximum Speed: 45 km/h

Armor: Chobham plate + special heat-resistant ceramic

Power Generator Output: 6,500 kw

Valid Sensor Radius: 12,500 m

Equipment

Class 1 Weaponry

Standard Equipment

60 mm Vulcan Gun: Multiple-barrel type with 3 barrels

5.56 mm Machine Gun: Shell type - Duplex, AP and flex-jet

Missile Pod with 6 Loads: Warhead types:

- Radar homing

- Environmental Searching

- IR (infrared-ray) tailing

- X-ray line-scanning

Smoke Discharger x2

Class 2 Weaponry

Optional Equipment, equipped optionally depending on attacking areas and mission purposes

Double Launcher Pod

Surface-to-air Missile

75 mm cannon gun

Class 3 Weaponry

Nuclear, Short- to middle-ranged nuclear missiles are equipped. (up to 6 shots)

PAGE 53

Mass-Produce Metal Gear G (Gustav)

This was finally "unaccepted" and lost any chance to appear in the game (it was supposed to appear in the factory in 1st floor of Zanzibar Building).

A mass-produce metal gear developed as a heavy walking tank for local combat.

Nuclear modules are removed, and it is emphasized in lightweight and mobility. Sensors are improved to assist in infantry fighting in local areas (where tanks cannot enter).

One is available for each infantry troop, and its main service is to serve as a sensor for the troops, supply, and cover soldiers. Usually, those who ride in the Gustav are communication officers, information processing personnel and commanders, those who are considered "2nd class" in the military force.

It is opposite to Metal Gear D, which is covered with weapons from head to toe. This mini-Metal Gear is called a "walking control tower", because it processes all the information and battle status it receives, then transmits the analysis to all soldiers in the troop in real-time. And, it enables all soldiers to scope out a single target through its sensors!

Among soldiers it is called "OSTRICH", inspired by its form.

While it is just an assistant war machine, equipped weapons rival the power of MTB armored vehicles. You can mount optional weapons on its option latch, depending on the situation.

Equipped wisely, it is now possible to use as an economic alternative to

main force war machines, such as tanks.

SPECIFICATIONS

Overall length: 3.85m

Overall height: 3.10m

Overall width: 2.07m

Crew: 1

Weight: 18t

Max. speed: 50km/h

Armor: Chobham Plate and Tangsten Armor

Equipment: 12.5 mm Vulcan gun, 20 mm machine gun

Sikorsky- HH-64 D Dragoon

A NATO helicopter for carrying heavy cargo only, which appears in final part of the game.

This Dragoon is an upgraded version of Sikorsky Stallion series used by U.S Marines, planned for the purpose of carrying goods, transferring troops, rescuing combatants and so on.

Above others, the Dragoon which is on duty for the [OPERATION INTRUDE] was modified for the purpose of transferring and rescuing VIPs under special duties.

While it is different from gunships and with design customized for cargo, 3 turbo shaft engines are installed and has overwhelming firepower of three .62 mm machine mini-guns equipped on either sides and rear.

The potential of these mini-guns which can fire up to 4000 rounds per minutes can be understood once you have seen the ending of the game.

As crews, special force members wearing parachutes, called PJ ride in and cover the rescued.

Overall Length: 20.50 m

Overall Height: 7.95 m

Diameter of Main Rotor: 25 m

Diameter of Tail Rotor: 5.08 m

Output: 4400 horsepower

3 T98-ME-V8 turbo shaft engines

Weight: 15,400 kg

Maximum Load Which Allows Leaving Ground: 2,065 kg

Maximum Speed: 365 km/h

Armor: Titanium alloy, titan carboid (TIC)

PAGE 54

DESIGN WORKS OF METAL GEAR

The main cast of "METAL GEAR 2 SOLID SNAKE" is, above all others, the mechanism "Metal Gear D".

The Metal Gear of this time was required to be, remaining the plot and silhouette of the last MGEAR1 design, at the same time gothic and with enough reality. For this, we have done model making and designing simultaneously, constructing a design. Sticking to the details, a design standard required , of which cannot be doubtful to exist in real world.

The below is a potion of rough designs nominated for design competition of Metal Gear D done for Konami designers.

PAGE 55

CREDITS

Game Design and Scenario

Hideo Kojima

Programming

Isao Akada

Toshinari Oka

Graphics Design

Shuko Fukui

Tomohiro Nishio

Tae Yabu

Yoshihiko Ohta

Mechanical Design

Tomohiro Nishio

Music Compose

Masatoshi Ikariko

Sound Effect

Kazuhiko Uehara

Special Thanks

Hiroyuki Fukui

Yumiko Hashioka

Manual

Written by

Hideo Kojima

Illustration

Tomohiro Nishio

Model Creation

Tomohiro Nishio

Visual Design

Naoki Satoh

Main Illustration

Yoshiyuki Takani

Special Thanks

KONAMI PC Survival Shot Club

English Metal Gear 2 Staffs

* 2 nationalities indicate a country of birth and present residential.

ROM Data and Code Replacements

Maarten ter Huurne (Netherlands)

Japanese => English Translation

Takamichi Suzukawa (Japan)

English Proofreading

Jon Taylor (USA)

Linguistic Advisors

Marat Fayzullin (Russia-USA)

*For estimation about Yozef's nationality - Poland - and spelling

Akop Karpetyan (Armenia)

*For reading original broken Russian between Marv and Natasha

Frisco Arenas (Chile-Sweden)

*Also about Russian

Yang Ho (China-Japan)

*For name of NIGHT SIGHT's gun

Sean Young (Netherlands)

*About spelling of Frank Jaeger and about Horry => Holly

English => Czech Translation

Alexey Podrezov (Russia-Czecho)

Military Terms Advisor

Ramon Ribas Casasayas (Spain)

Game Master 2 SRAM Emulation Code, to be used in future fMSX

Sean Young

Automating the Reverse Engineering of ROM Data

Diego Lont (Netherlands)

Most Fanatic Beta Testers

Takamichi Suzukawa
Jon Taylor
Maarten ter Huurne
Diego Lont

Metal Gear 2 English Manual Editorial Staffs

Japanese => English Translation

Takamichi Suzukawa

English Proofreading

Jon Taylor

HTML Editing

Takamichi Suzukawa
Jon Taylor
Maarten ter Huurne

Illustration Scanning

Yang Ho

Screenshots taken by

Takamichi Suzukawa

Image editing by

Maarten ter Huurne

MIDI Composing

Albert Molina (Spain)

Jan van Valburgh (Netherlands-UK)

Shin-ichi Kodama (Japan)

CAUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This operation manual will never be issued unless wrong or missing page is found (English manual is available at any time, however!!)

When you are playing the game uninterrupted for a long period, rest 10 or 20 minutes for each one hour of game play.

Make sure to turn the MSX power OFF when you remove or insert a cartridge.

This equipment is delicate, so NEVER disassemble the cartridge.

This cartridge can be used for any MSX2, MSX2+ or MSX turbo-R computers. ROM image works with fMSX emulators and Ese-SCC s (SRAM with SCC which can contain ROM image). Disk version work on MSX2 and MSX2+ with RAM 256KB and more, but may not work with turbo-Rs.

Combination between the MSX and TV monitor you are using may degrade the sound balance, but this is not caused by malfunction of the cartridge. In such cases, adjust the volume of your TV monitor.

If you want to use 3.5 inch 2DD floppy diskettes on machines without disk drives, you need external disk drives for MSX2, 2+ and turbo-R standard.

This product is an original developed by Konami Co. Copying any or all part of the image, vocal contents, sounds and printed matters are prohibited. (say this after you have translated everything, Kojima ;-)

If you have a question about this English version, e-mail to:

mth@stack.nl

Or subscribe to;

MSX Hypernote

Updates of this manual and the game files will be available from:

http://www.bekkoame.or.jp/i/takatemp/mgear2us.htm

and

http://www.stack.nl/~mth/msx/solideng/

Konami cannot answer any questions about the story and game sequences whatsoever. However, many people in comp.sys.msx happily will.

MSX is a trademark of ASCII Corporation. Or is it still in 1997?

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